![]() J Clin Microbiol 58:e01905–e01919Ĭao Z, Wu W, Wei H et al (2020) Using droplet digital PCR in the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in FFPE samples. Am J Case Rep 14:109–112īudvytiene I, Banaei N (2020) Simple processing of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue for accurate testing with the Xpert MTB/RIF assay. Saunders Elsevierīolognesi M, Bolognesi D (2013) Complicated and delayed diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis. ![]() Int J Infect Dis 11:348–354īibbo M, Wilbur D (2014) Comprehensive cytopathology, 4th edn. EMC-Neurologie 1:169–192īhigjee AI, Padayachee R, Paruk H et al (2007) Diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis: clinical and laboratory parameters. Int J Surg Case Rep 27:129–132īazin C (2004) Tuberculose du système nerveux central. J Clin Exp Hematop 52:1–16īayram S, Erşen A, Altan M, Durmaz H (2016) Tuberculosis tenosynovitis with multiple rice bodies of the flexor tendons in the wrist: a case report. Diagn Cytopathol 38:765–767Īsano S (2012) Granulomatous lymphadenitis. Germs 10:81–87Īrora SK, Gupta N, Nijhawan R, Mandal AK (2010) Epithelioid cell granulomas in urine cytology smears: same cause, different implications. Front Immunol 4:312Īrora D, Dhanashree B (2020) Utility of smear microscopy and GeneXpert for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical samples. Springer International, Switzerland, pp 139–152Īnsari AW, Kamarulzaman A, Schmidt RE (2013) Multifaceted impact of host C-C chemokine CCL2 in the immuno-pathogenesis of HIV-1/M tuberculosis co-infection. Springer, Berlin, pp 153–161Īllen TG, Suster S (eds) (2018) Pathology of the pleura and mediastinum. ![]() World Neurosurg 88:686.e1–686.e7Īkhtar M, Al Mana H (2004) Pathology of tuberculosis. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissueĪggarwal A, Patra DP, Gupta K, Sodhi HB (2016) Dural tuberculoma mimicking meningioma: a clinicoradiologic review of dural en-plaque lesions.Acid-fast bacilli are less frequently seen in nonnecrotizing granulomas and very rarely seen in nongranulomatous lesions. Acid-fast bacilli are identified in specimens containing necrotizing granulomas, especially in areas with suppuration and cavitation. Ancillary techniques on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue such as special stains, immunochemistry and molecular tests help to establish the diagnosis. Histological and cytological examinations, notably in endemic areas where molecular tests are unavailable, provide a rapid diagnosis allowing the initiation of the treatment. Necrosis and granulomas are frequently seen in fine-needle aspiration cytology, but are rarely observed in body fluids. The diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis often requires invasive procedures to obtain cytological and tissue specimens for microbiological, cytological, and histological investigations. In immunocompromised persons, tuberculosis may not elicit granulomatous inflammation. Suppurative forms of tuberculosis without granulomas are rare, and mimic pyogenic infection, grossly and microscopically. The hallmark of tuberculosis infection is necrotizing granulomatous inflammation, composed of epithelioid cells surrounding a central necrotic zone, and accompanied by a variable number of multinucleated giant cells and lymphocytes. Tuberculous lesions are microscopically heterogeneous and vary depending on the stage of the disease, host immunity response, and phenotypic characteristics of the tuberculous bacillus.
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